| Notes | 
                                                The Russian Biographical Dictionary (in 25 volumes) was published by the St. Petersburg Imperial Russian Historical Society from 1896 to 1918 under the supervision of A. A. Polovtsov, and then Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich. Under Polovtsov's supervision (until his death in 1909), volumes 1–3, 6–9, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, and 22 were published. The editors of the Dictionary were N. P. Chulkov (volumes 4 and 5), E. S. Shumigorsky and M. G. Kurdyumov (volume 7), N. D. Chechulin and M. G. Kurdyumov (volume 10), and B. L. Modzalevsky (volume 17). It is considered one of the most authoritative Russian biographical sources of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |